{"id":52,"date":"2025-09-24T22:11:58","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=52"},"modified":"2025-09-24T22:11:58","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:11:58","slug":"obsluga-wyjatkow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=52","title":{"rendered":"Obs\u0142uga wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Obs\u0142uga wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w w Pythonie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Wyj\u0105tki to b\u0142\u0119dy, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 wyst\u0105pi\u0107 podczas wykonywania programu. Python pozwala na ich obs\u0142ug\u0119, aby program nie przerywa\u0142 dzia\u0142ania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podstawowa obs\u0142uga wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

U\u017cywamy blok\u00f3w try<\/code> i except<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
try<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    number = <\/span>0<\/span>  <\/span># Symulujemy problematyczn\u0105 warto\u015b\u0107<\/span><\/span>\n    result = <\/span>10<\/span> \/ number<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wynik: <\/span>{<\/span>result<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Wyst\u0105pi\u0142 b\u0142\u0105d!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Obs\u0142uga konkretnych wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
<\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
try<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    number = <\/span>0<\/span>  <\/span># Dzielenie przez zero<\/span><\/span>\n    result = <\/span>10<\/span> \/ number<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wynik: <\/span>{<\/span>result<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"To nie jest liczba!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ZeroDivisionError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Nie mo\u017cna dzieli\u0107 przez zero!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>Exception<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> e:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wyst\u0105pi\u0142 nieoczekiwany b\u0142\u0105d: <\/span>{<\/span>e<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Przyk\u0142ad z ValueError<\/span><\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    number = <\/span>int<\/span>(<\/span>"abc"<\/span>)  <\/span># Pr\u00f3ba konwersji tekstu na liczb\u0119<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(number)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"To nie jest liczba!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Najcz\u0119stsze typy wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • ValueError<\/code> – nieprawid\u0142owa warto\u015b\u0107<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • TypeError<\/code> – nieprawid\u0142owy typ danych<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • ZeroDivisionError<\/code> – dzielenie przez zero<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • IndexError<\/code> – indeks poza zakresem<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • KeyError<\/code> – klucz nie istnieje w s\u0142owniku<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • FileNotFoundError<\/code> – plik nie istnieje<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Blok else i finally:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    try<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    number = <\/span>5<\/span>  <\/span># Prawid\u0142owa warto\u015b\u0107<\/span><\/span>\n    result = <\/span>10<\/span> \/ number<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"To nie jest liczba!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ZeroDivisionError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Nie mo\u017cna dzieli\u0107 przez zero!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nelse<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span># Wykonuje si\u0119 tylko je\u015bli nie by\u0142o wyj\u0105tku<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wynik: <\/span>{<\/span>result<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nfinally<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span># Wykonuje si\u0119 zawsze, niezale\u017cnie od wyj\u0105tku<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Koniec programu"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Przyk\u0142ad z wyj\u0105tkiem<\/span><\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    number = <\/span>0<\/span>  <\/span># B\u0119dzie b\u0142\u0105d<\/span><\/span>\n    result = <\/span>10<\/span> \/ number<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ZeroDivisionError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Nie mo\u017cna dzieli\u0107 przez zero!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nelse<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wynik: <\/span>{<\/span>result<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nfinally<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Koniec programu"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Rzucanie wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Mo\u017cesz samodzielnie rzuca\u0107 wyj\u0105tki u\u017cywaj\u0105c raise<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    def<\/span> <\/span>check_age<\/span>(<\/span>age<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>if<\/span> age < <\/span>0<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>raise<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>"Wiek nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 ujemny!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>elif<\/span> age > <\/span>150<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>raise<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>"Wiek jest nieprawdopodobny!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>else<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Wiek: <\/span>{<\/span>age<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    check_age(-<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> e:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"B\u0142\u0105d: <\/span>{<\/span>e<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    check_age(<\/span>200<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span> <\/span>as<\/span> e:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"B\u0142\u0105d: <\/span>{<\/span>e<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    W\u0142asne wyj\u0105tki:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    class<\/span> <\/span>TooYoungError<\/span>(<\/span>Exception<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>pass<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>check_driving_age<\/span>(<\/span>age<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>if<\/span> age < <\/span>18<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>raise<\/span> TooYoungError(<\/span>"Musisz mie\u0107 18 lat, \u017ceby prowadzi\u0107 samoch\u00f3d!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>else<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Mo\u017cesz prowadzi\u0107 samoch\u00f3d!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    check_driving_age(<\/span>16<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> TooYoungError <\/span>as<\/span> e:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"B\u0142\u0105d: <\/span>{<\/span>e<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Przyk\u0142ady praktyczne:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    <\/path><\/path><\/svg><\/span>
    # Obs\u0142uga dost\u0119pu do listy<\/span><\/span>\nfruits = [<\/span>"jab\u0142ko"<\/span>, <\/span>"banan"<\/span>, <\/span>"pomara\u0144cza"<\/span>]<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(fruits[<\/span>5<\/span>])  <\/span># Indeks poza zakresem<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>IndexError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Indeks poza zakresem listy!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Obs\u0142uga dost\u0119pu do s\u0142ownika<\/span><\/span>\nperson = {<\/span>"name"<\/span>: <\/span>"Jan"<\/span>, <\/span>"age"<\/span>: <\/span>30<\/span>}<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntry<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(person[<\/span>"city"<\/span>])  <\/span># Klucz nie istnieje<\/span><\/span>\nexcept<\/span> <\/span>KeyError<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Klucz nie istnieje w s\u0142owniku!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Bezpieczniejszy spos\u00f3b<\/span><\/span>\ncity = person.get(<\/span>"city"<\/span>, <\/span>"Nieznane"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Miasto: <\/span>{<\/span>city<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Dobre praktyki:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Zawsze obs\u0142uguj konkretne wyj\u0105tki, nie u\u017cywaj pustego except<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • U\u017cywaj finally<\/code> do czyszczenia zasob\u00f3w<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Nie ukrywaj b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w – loguj je lub wy\u015bwietlaj u\u017cytkownikowi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • U\u017cywaj raise<\/code> do przekazywania wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w dalej<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \u0106wiczenie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
      Napisz program z obs\u0142ug\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnych typ\u00f3w wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      Obs\u0142uga wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w w Pythonie Wyj\u0105tki to b\u0142\u0119dy, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 wyst\u0105pi\u0107 podczas wykonywania programu. Python pozwala na ich obs\u0142ug\u0119, aby program nie przerywa\u0142 dzia\u0142ania. Podstawowa obs\u0142uga wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w: U\u017cywamy blok\u00f3w try i except: Obs\u0142uga konkretnych wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w: Najcz\u0119stsze typy wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w: Blok else i finally: Rzucanie wyj\u0105tk\u00f3w: Mo\u017cesz samodzielnie rzuca\u0107 wyj\u0105tki u\u017cywaj\u0105c raise: W\u0142asne wyj\u0105tki: Przyk\u0142ady praktyczne: Dobre praktyki: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[6,5,22],"class_list":["post-52","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kurs","category-python","tag-kurs","tag-python","tag-wyjatki"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=52"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52\/revisions\/53"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=52"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=52"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}