{"id":58,"date":"2025-09-24T22:19:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:19:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=58"},"modified":"2025-09-24T22:19:24","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:19:24","slug":"moduly-i-pakiety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=58","title":{"rendered":"Modu\u0142y i pakiety"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Modu\u0142y i pakiety w Pythonie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Modu\u0142y i pakiety pozwalaj\u0105 na organizacj\u0119 kodu, reu\u017cywalno\u015b\u0107 i lepsz\u0105 struktur\u0119 projekt\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co to s\u0105 modu\u0142y?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Modu\u0142 to plik Python z rozszerzeniem .py<\/code>, kt\u00f3ry zawiera funkcje, klasy i zmienne. Mo\u017cesz go importowa\u0107 w innych plikach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tworzenie w\u0142asnego modu\u0142u:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Stw\u00f3rz plik math_utils.py<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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# math_utils.py<\/span><\/span>\nPI = <\/span>3.14159<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>add<\/span>(<\/span>a<\/span>, <\/span>b<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> a + b<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>subtract<\/span>(<\/span>a<\/span>, <\/span>b<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> a - b<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>multiply<\/span>(<\/span>a<\/span>, <\/span>b<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> a * b<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>divide<\/span>(<\/span>a<\/span>, <\/span>b<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>if<\/span> b == <\/span>0<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>raise<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>"Nie mo\u017cna dzieli\u0107 przez zero!"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> a \/ b<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>power<\/span>(<\/span>base<\/span>, <\/span>exponent<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> base ** exponent<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Calculator<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.history = []<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>calculate<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>operation<\/span>, <\/span>a<\/span>, <\/span>b<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> operation == <\/span>"add"<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            result = add(a, b)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>elif<\/span> operation == <\/span>"subtract"<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            result = subtract(a, b)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>elif<\/span> operation == <\/span>"multiply"<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            result = multiply(a, b)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>elif<\/span> operation == <\/span>"divide"<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            result = divide(a, b)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>else<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>raise<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>"Nieznana operacja"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.history.append(<\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{<\/span>a<\/span>}<\/span> <\/span>{<\/span>operation<\/span>}<\/span> <\/span>{<\/span>b<\/span>}<\/span> = <\/span>{<\/span>result<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> result<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>get_history<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>self<\/span>.history<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Importowanie modu\u0142\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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# Import ca\u0142ego modu\u0142u<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> math_utils<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nresult = math_utils.add(<\/span>5<\/span>, <\/span>3<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(result)  <\/span># 8<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Import konkretnych funkcji<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> math_utils <\/span>import<\/span> add, subtract, PI<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(add(<\/span>10<\/span>, <\/span>5<\/span>))      <\/span># 15<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(subtract(<\/span>10<\/span>, <\/span>5<\/span>)) <\/span># 5<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(PI)              <\/span># 3.14159<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Import z aliasem<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> math_utils <\/span>as<\/span> mu<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nresult = mu.multiply(<\/span>4<\/span>, <\/span>6<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(result)  <\/span># 24<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Import wszystkiego (niezalecane)<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> math_utils <\/span>import<\/span> *<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nresult = power(<\/span>2<\/span>, <\/span>8<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(result)  <\/span># 256<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Wbudowane modu\u0142y Pythona:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Python ma wiele wbudowanych modu\u0142\u00f3w:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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# Modu\u0142 math - funkcje matematyczne<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> math<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(math.sqrt(<\/span>16<\/span>))      <\/span># 4.0<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(math.ceil(<\/span>3.7<\/span>))     <\/span># 4<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(math.floor(<\/span>3.7<\/span>))    <\/span># 3<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(math.pi)            <\/span># 3.141592653589793<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Modu\u0142 random - liczby losowe<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> random<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(random.randint(<\/span>1<\/span>, <\/span>10<\/span>))  <\/span># Losowa liczba od 1 do 10<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(random.choice([<\/span>'a'<\/span>, <\/span>'b'<\/span>, <\/span>'c'<\/span>]))  <\/span># Losowy element z listy<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(random.random())        <\/span># Losowa liczba od 0 do 1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Modu\u0142 datetime - praca z datami<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> datetime <\/span>import<\/span> datetime, timedelta<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nnow = datetime.now()<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(now)  <\/span># Aktualna data i czas<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ntomorrow = now + timedelta(<\/span>days<\/span>=<\/span>1<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(tomorrow)  <\/span># Jutro<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Modu\u0142 os - operacje systemowe<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> os<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(os.getcwd())        <\/span># Aktualny katalog<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(os.listdir(<\/span>'.'<\/span>))    <\/span># Lista plik\u00f3w w katalogu<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(os.path.exists(<\/span>'test.txt'<\/span>))  <\/span># Czy plik istnieje<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Tworzenie pakiet\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Pakiet to katalog zawieraj\u0105cy modu\u0142y i plik __init__.py<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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# Struktura pakietu:<\/span><\/span>\n# mypackage\/<\/span><\/span>\n#     __init__.py<\/span><\/span>\n#     module1.py<\/span><\/span>\n#     module2.py<\/span><\/span>\n#     subpackage\/<\/span><\/span>\n#         __init__.py<\/span><\/span>\n#         module3.py<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# __init__.py - mo\u017ce by\u0107 pusty lub zawiera\u0107 kod inicjalizacyjny<\/span><\/span>\n# __init__.py<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> .module1 <\/span>import<\/span> function1<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> .module2 <\/span>import<\/span> Class1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n__version__<\/span> = <\/span>"1.0.0"<\/span><\/span>\n__author__ = <\/span>"Tw\u00f3j Name"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# module1.py<\/span><\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>function1<\/span>():<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Hello from module1"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# module2.py<\/span><\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Class1<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.name = <\/span>"Class1"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>greet<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Hello from <\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Importowanie z pakiet\u00f3w:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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# Import z pakietu<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> mypackage.module1<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> mypackage <\/span>import<\/span> module2<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> mypackage.module1 <\/span>import<\/span> function1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# U\u017cycie<\/span><\/span>\nresult = mypackage.module1.function1()<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(result)  <\/span># Hello from module1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nobj = module2.Class1()<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(obj.greet())  <\/span># Hello from Class1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(function1())  <\/span># Hello from module1<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Import z subpakietu<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> mypackage.subpackage <\/span>import<\/span> module3<\/span><\/span>\nfrom<\/span> mypackage.subpackage.module3 <\/span>import<\/span> some_function<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Instalowanie pakiet\u00f3w z PyPI:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
U\u017cywaj\u0105c pip mo\u017cesz instalowa\u0107 pakiety z Python Package Index (PyPI):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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# W terminalu:<\/span><\/span>\n# pip install requests<\/span><\/span>\n# pip install numpy<\/span><\/span>\n# pip install pandas<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# W kodzie:<\/span><\/span>\nimport<\/span> requests<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Pobieranie danych z API<\/span><\/span>\nresponse = requests.get(<\/span>'https:\/\/api.github.com\/users\/octocat'<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\ndata = response.json()<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(data[<\/span>'login'<\/span>])  <\/span># octocat<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nimport<\/span> numpy <\/span>as<\/span> np<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Operacje na tablicach<\/span><\/span>\narr = np.array([<\/span>1<\/span>, <\/span>2<\/span>, <\/span>3<\/span>, <\/span>4<\/span>, <\/span>5<\/span>])<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(arr * <\/span>2<\/span>)  <\/span># [2 4 6 8 10]<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(np.mean(arr))  <\/span># 3.0<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nimport<\/span> pandas <\/span>as<\/span> pd<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Praca z danymi<\/span><\/span>\ndf = pd.DataFrame({<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>'Name'<\/span>: [<\/span>'Jan'<\/span>, <\/span>'Anna'<\/span>, <\/span>'Piotr'<\/span>],<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>'Age'<\/span>: [<\/span>25<\/span>, <\/span>30<\/span>, <\/span>28<\/span>],<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>'City'<\/span>: [<\/span>'Warszawa'<\/span>, <\/span>'Krak\u00f3w'<\/span>, <\/span>'Gda\u0144sk'<\/span>]<\/span><\/span>\n})<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(df)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Wirtualne \u015brodowiska:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Wirtualne \u015brodowiska pozwalaj\u0105 na izolacj\u0119 zale\u017cno\u015bci projekt\u00f3w:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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# Tworzenie wirtualnego \u015brodowiska<\/span><\/span>\n# python -m venv myenv<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Aktywacja (Windows):<\/span><\/span>\n# myenv\\Scripts\\activate<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Aktywacja (Linux\/Mac):<\/span><\/span>\n# source myenv\/bin\/activate<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Instalowanie pakiet\u00f3w w \u015brodowisku<\/span><\/span>\n# pip install package_name<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Dezaktywacja<\/span><\/span>\n# deactivate<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Lista zainstalowanych pakiet\u00f3w<\/span><\/span>\n# pip list<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Zapisanie zale\u017cno\u015bci<\/span><\/span>\n# pip freeze > requirements.txt<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Instalowanie z pliku requirements.txt<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Dobre praktyki:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • U\u017cywaj opisowych nazw modu\u0142\u00f3w i pakiet\u00f3w<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Umieszczaj kod wykonywalny w bloku if __name__ == \"__main__\":<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Unikaj importowania wszystkiego z from module import *<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • U\u017cywaj wirtualnych \u015brodowisk dla ka\u017cdego projektu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Dokumentuj swoje modu\u0142y i pakiety<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • U\u017cywaj __init__.py<\/code> do kontrolowania import\u00f3w<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Przyk\u0142ad z __name__<\/code>:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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    # mymodule.py<\/span><\/span>\ndef<\/span> <\/span>my_function<\/span>():<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Hello from my_function"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nif<\/span> <\/span>__name__<\/span> == <\/span>"__main__"<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span># Ten kod wykona si\u0119 tylko gdy uruchomimy plik bezpo\u015brednio<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Uruchamiam modu\u0142 bezpo\u015brednio"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(my_function())<\/span><\/span>\nelse<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span># Ten kod wykona si\u0119 gdy modu\u0142 zostanie zaimportowany<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>print<\/span>(<\/span>"Modu\u0142 zosta\u0142 zaimportowany"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Gdy uruchomimy: python mymodule.py<\/span><\/span>\n# Wy\u015bwietli: "Uruchamiam modu\u0142 bezpo\u015brednio" i "Hello from my_function"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Gdy zaimportujemy: import mymodule<\/span><\/span>\n# Wy\u015bwietli tylko: "Modu\u0142 zosta\u0142 zaimportowany"<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \u0106wiczenie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Stw\u00f3rz w\u0142asny modu\u0142 z funkcjami matematycznymi i zaimportuj go w g\u0142\u00f3wnym programie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Uwaga:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Przyk\u0142ady z zewn\u0119trznymi bibliotekami (requests, numpy, pandas) nie dzia\u0142aj\u0105 w edytorze online – wymagaj\u0105 instalacji w lokalnym \u015brodowisku Python. Niekt\u00f3re wbudowane modu\u0142y (os, datetime) r\u00f3wnie\u017c mog\u0105 nie dzia\u0142a\u0107 w edytorze online.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Modu\u0142y i pakiety w Pythonie Modu\u0142y i pakiety pozwalaj\u0105 na organizacj\u0119 kodu, reu\u017cywalno\u015b\u0107 i lepsz\u0105 struktur\u0119 projekt\u00f3w. Co to s\u0105 modu\u0142y? Modu\u0142 to plik Python z rozszerzeniem .py, kt\u00f3ry zawiera funkcje, klasy i zmienne. Mo\u017cesz go importowa\u0107 w innych plikach. Tworzenie w\u0142asnego modu\u0142u: Stw\u00f3rz plik math_utils.py: Importowanie modu\u0142\u00f3w: Wbudowane modu\u0142y Pythona: Python ma wiele wbudowanych […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[6,24,25,5],"class_list":["post-58","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kurs","category-python","tag-kurs","tag-moduly","tag-pakiety","tag-python"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=58"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58\/revisions\/59"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=58"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=58"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}