{"id":61,"date":"2025-09-24T22:22:23","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:22:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=61"},"modified":"2025-09-24T22:22:23","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T20:22:23","slug":"programowanie-obiektowe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/?p=61","title":{"rendered":"Programowanie obiektowe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Programowanie obiektowe w Pythonie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Programowanie obiektowe (OOP) to paradygmat programowania oparty na koncepcji obiekt\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re zawieraj\u0105 dane i kod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klasy i obiekty:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Klasa to szablon do tworzenia obiekt\u00f3w. Obiekt to instancja klasy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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# Definiowanie klasy<\/span><\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Dog<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>age<\/span>, <\/span>breed<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.name = name      <\/span># Atrybut instancji<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.age = age<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.breed = breed<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>bark<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> szczeka: Hau! Hau!"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>get_info<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> to <\/span>{self<\/span>.breed<\/span>}<\/span> w wieku <\/span>{self<\/span>.age<\/span>}<\/span> lat"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>have_birthday<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.age += <\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> ma teraz <\/span>{self<\/span>.age<\/span>}<\/span> lat!"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Tworzenie obiekt\u00f3w (instancji klasy)<\/span><\/span>\nmy_dog = Dog(<\/span>"Burek"<\/span>, <\/span>3<\/span>, <\/span>"Owczarek niemiecki"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nfriend_dog = Dog(<\/span>"Luna"<\/span>, <\/span>2<\/span>, <\/span>"Golden Retriever"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# U\u017cywanie metod<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(my_dog.bark())           <\/span># Burek szczeka: Hau! Hau!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(my_dog.get_info())       <\/span># Burek to Owczarek niemiecki w wieku 3 lat<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(my_dog.have_birthday())  <\/span># Burek ma teraz 4 lat!<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(friend_dog.get_info())   <\/span># Luna to Golden Retriever w wieku 2 lat<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Konstruktor __init__<\/code>:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Konstruktor jest wywo\u0142ywany automatycznie przy tworzeniu obiektu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Person<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>age<\/span>, <\/span>city<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.name = name<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.age = age<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.city = city<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.friends = []  <\/span># Lista przyjaci\u00f3\u0142<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>add_friend<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>friend<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.friends.append(friend)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{<\/span>friend<\/span>}<\/span> zosta\u0142 dodany do przyjaci\u00f3\u0142 <\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>get_friends_count<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>len<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>.friends)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>introduce<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Cze\u015b\u0107! Jestem <\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span>, mam <\/span>{self<\/span>.age<\/span>}<\/span> lat i mieszkam w <\/span>{self<\/span>.city<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Tworzenie os\u00f3b<\/span><\/span>\nperson1 = Person(<\/span>"Jan"<\/span>, <\/span>25<\/span>, <\/span>"Warszawa"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nperson2 = Person(<\/span>"Anna"<\/span>, <\/span>28<\/span>, <\/span>"Krak\u00f3w"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(person1.introduce())  <\/span># Cze\u015b\u0107! Jestem Jan, mam 25 lat i mieszkam w Warszawie<\/span><\/span>\nperson1.add_friend(<\/span>"Anna"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(person1.get_friends_count())  <\/span># 1<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Atrybuty klasowe vs instancji:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>BankAccount<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span># Atrybut klasowy - wsp\u00f3lny dla wszystkich instancji<\/span><\/span>\n    bank_name = <\/span>"Python Bank"<\/span><\/span>\n    interest_rate = <\/span>0.05<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>owner<\/span>, <\/span>balance<\/span>=<\/span>0<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span># Atrybuty instancji - unikalne dla ka\u017cdego obiektu<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.owner = owner<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.balance = balance<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.account_number = <\/span>self<\/span>._generate_account_number()<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>_generate_account_number<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span># Metoda prywatna (z podkre\u015bleniem)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>import<\/span> random<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"PL<\/span>{<\/span>random.randint(<\/span>100000<\/span>, <\/span>999999<\/span>)<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>deposit<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>amount<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> amount > <\/span>0<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>self<\/span>.balance += amount<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Wp\u0142acono <\/span>{<\/span>amount<\/span>}<\/span> z\u0142. Nowe saldo: <\/span>{self<\/span>.balance<\/span>}<\/span> z\u0142"<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>else<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Kwota musi by\u0107 wi\u0119ksza od 0"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>withdraw<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>amount<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> amount <= <\/span>self<\/span>.balance:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>self<\/span>.balance -= amount<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Wyp\u0142acono <\/span>{<\/span>amount<\/span>}<\/span> z\u0142. Nowe saldo: <\/span>{self<\/span>.balance<\/span>}<\/span> z\u0142"<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>else<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Niewystarczaj\u0105ce \u015brodki"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>get_interest<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        interest = <\/span>self<\/span>.balance * <\/span>self<\/span>.interest_rate<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Oprocentowanie: <\/span>{<\/span>interest<\/span>}<\/span> z\u0142"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Tworzenie kont<\/span><\/span>\naccount1 = BankAccount(<\/span>"Jan Kowalski"<\/span>, <\/span>1000<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\naccount2 = BankAccount(<\/span>"Anna Nowak"<\/span>, <\/span>500<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(account1.deposit(<\/span>500<\/span>))    <\/span># Wp\u0142acono 500 z\u0142. Nowe saldo: 1500 z\u0142<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(account1.withdraw(<\/span>200<\/span>))   <\/span># Wyp\u0142acono 200 z\u0142. Nowe saldo: 1300 z\u0142<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(account1.get_interest())  <\/span># Oprocentowanie: 65.0 z\u0142<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Dost\u0119p do atrybut\u00f3w klasowych<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(BankAccount.bank_name)    <\/span># Python Bank<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(account1.bank_name)       <\/span># Python Bank (mo\u017cna te\u017c przez instancj\u0119)<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Dziedziczenie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Dziedziczenie pozwala na tworzenie nowych klas na podstawie istniej\u0105cych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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# Klasa bazowa (rodzic)<\/span><\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Animal<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>species<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.name = name<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.species = species<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>make_sound<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Jaki\u015b d\u017awi\u0119k"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>get_info<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> to <\/span>{self<\/span>.species<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Klasa pochodna (dziecko)<\/span><\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Dog<\/span>(<\/span>Animal<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>breed<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>super<\/span>().<\/span>__init__<\/span>(name, <\/span>"pies"<\/span>)  <\/span># Wywo\u0142anie konstruktora rodzica<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.breed = breed<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>make_sound<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Hau! Hau!"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>fetch<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> przynosi pi\u0142k\u0119"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Cat<\/span>(<\/span>Animal<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>, <\/span>color<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>super<\/span>().<\/span>__init__<\/span>(name, <\/span>"kot"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.color = color<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>make_sound<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Miau! Miau!"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>climb<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.name<\/span>}<\/span> wspina si\u0119 na drzewo"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# Tworzenie obiekt\u00f3w<\/span><\/span>\ndog = Dog(<\/span>"Burek"<\/span>, <\/span>"Owczarek"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\ncat = Cat(<\/span>"Mruczek"<\/span>, <\/span>"Rudy"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(dog.get_info())      <\/span># Burek to pies<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(dog.make_sound())    <\/span># Hau! Hau!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(dog.fetch())         <\/span># Burek przynosi pi\u0142k\u0119<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(cat.get_info())      <\/span># Mruczek to kot<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(cat.make_sound())    <\/span># Miau! Miau!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(cat.climb())         <\/span># Mruczek wspina si\u0119 na drzewo<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Wielokrotne dziedziczenie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Flyable<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>fly<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Lec\u0119 w powietrzu!"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Swimmable<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>swim<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"P\u0142ywam w wodzie!"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nclass<\/span> <\/span>Duck<\/span>(<\/span>Animal<\/span>, <\/span>Flyable<\/span>, <\/span>Swimmable<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>name<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>super<\/span>().<\/span>__init__<\/span>(name, <\/span>"kaczka"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>make_sound<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Kwa! Kwa!"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>quack_and_fly<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.make_sound()<\/span>}<\/span> <\/span>{self<\/span>.fly()<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nduck = Duck(<\/span>"Kaczuszka"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(duck.make_sound())       <\/span># Kwa! Kwa!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(duck.fly())              <\/span># Lec\u0119 w powietrzu!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(duck.swim())             <\/span># P\u0142ywam w wodzie!<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(duck.quack_and_fly())    <\/span># Kwa! Kwa! Lec\u0119 w powietrzu!<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Metody specjalne (magiczne):<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Book<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>title<\/span>, <\/span>author<\/span>, <\/span>pages<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.title = title<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.author = author<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>.pages = pages<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__str__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"'<\/span>{self<\/span>.title<\/span>}<\/span>' autorstwa <\/span>{self<\/span>.author<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__repr__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>f<\/span>"Book('<\/span>{self<\/span>.title<\/span>}<\/span>', '<\/span>{self<\/span>.author<\/span>}<\/span>', <\/span>{self<\/span>.pages<\/span>}<\/span>)"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__len__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>self<\/span>.pages<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__add__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>other<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> <\/span>isinstance<\/span>(other, Book):<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> Book(<\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.title<\/span>}<\/span> + <\/span>{<\/span>other.title<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>, <\/span><\/span>\n                       <\/span>f<\/span>"<\/span>{self<\/span>.author<\/span>}<\/span> + <\/span>{<\/span>other.author<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>, <\/span><\/span>\n                       <\/span>self<\/span>.pages + other.pages)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>"Nie mo\u017cna doda\u0107 ksi\u0105\u017cki do tego typu obiektu"<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__eq__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>other<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> <\/span>isinstance<\/span>(other, Book):<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>return<\/span> (<\/span>self<\/span>.title == other.title <\/span>and<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\n                   <\/span>self<\/span>.author == other.author <\/span>and<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\n                   <\/span>self<\/span>.pages == other.pages)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>False<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nbook1 = Book(<\/span>"Python dla pocz\u0105tkuj\u0105cych"<\/span>, <\/span>"Jan Kowalski"<\/span>, <\/span>300<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nbook2 = Book(<\/span>"Zaawansowany Python"<\/span>, <\/span>"Anna Nowak"<\/span>, <\/span>400<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>str<\/span>(book1))          <\/span># 'Python dla pocz\u0105tkuj\u0105cych' autorstwa Jan Kowalski<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>repr<\/span>(book1))         <\/span># Book('Python dla pocz\u0105tkuj\u0105cych', 'Jan Kowalski', 300)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>len<\/span>(book1))          <\/span># 300<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(book1 + book2)       <\/span># Book('Python dla pocz\u0105tkuj\u0105cych + Zaawansowany Python', 'Jan Kowalski + Anna Nowak', 700)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(book1 == book2)      <\/span># False<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
W\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci (Properties):<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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class<\/span> <\/span>Circle<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>__init__<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>radius<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>._radius = radius  <\/span># Atrybut prywatny<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>@<\/span>property<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>radius<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>self<\/span>._radius<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>@radius.setter<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>radius<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>, <\/span>value<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>if<\/span> value < <\/span>0<\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/span>raise<\/span> <\/span>ValueError<\/span>(<\/span>"Promie\u0144 nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 ujemny"<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>self<\/span>._radius = value<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>@<\/span>property<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>area<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>import<\/span> math<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> math.pi * <\/span>self<\/span>._radius ** <\/span>2<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>@<\/span>property<\/span><\/span>\n    <\/span>def<\/span> <\/span>circumference<\/span>(<\/span>self<\/span>):<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>import<\/span> math<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/span>return<\/span> <\/span>2<\/span> * math.pi * <\/span>self<\/span>._radius<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ncircle = Circle(<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Promie\u0144: <\/span>{<\/span>circle.radius<\/span>}<\/span>"<\/span>)           <\/span># Promie\u0144: 5<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Pole: <\/span>{<\/span>circle.area<\/span>:.2f}<\/span>"<\/span>)            <\/span># Pole: 78.54<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Obw\u00f3d: <\/span>{<\/span>circle.circumference<\/span>:.2f}<\/span>"<\/span>)  <\/span># Obw\u00f3d: 31.42<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\ncircle.radius = <\/span>10<\/span>  <\/span># Ustawienie nowego promienia<\/span><\/span>\nprint<\/span>(<\/span>f<\/span>"Nowe pole: <\/span>{<\/span>circle.area<\/span>:.2f}<\/span>"<\/span>)       <\/span># Nowe pole: 314.16<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span>\n# circle.radius = -5  # B\u0142\u0105d: Promie\u0144 nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 ujemny<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Dobre praktyki OOP:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • U\u017cywaj opisowych nazw klas i metod<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Zachowaj enkapsulacj\u0119 (ukryj szczeg\u00f3\u0142y implementacji)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • U\u017cywaj dziedziczenia do modelowania relacji „jest”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Preferuj kompozycj\u0119 nad dziedziczeniem<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Dokumentuj swoje klasy i metody<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • U\u017cywaj w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci zamiast getter\u00f3w\/setter\u00f3w<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Implementuj metody specjalne gdy potrzeba<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \u0106wiczenie:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Stw\u00f3rz klas\u0119 Student z atrybutami (imi\u0119, nazwisko, oceny) i metodami (dodaj ocen\u0119, oblicz \u015bredni\u0105, wy\u015bwietl informacje).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Programowanie obiektowe w Pythonie Programowanie obiektowe (OOP) to paradygmat programowania oparty na koncepcji obiekt\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re zawieraj\u0105 dane i kod. Klasy i obiekty: Klasa to szablon do tworzenia obiekt\u00f3w. Obiekt to instancja klasy. Konstruktor __init__: Konstruktor jest wywo\u0142ywany automatycznie przy tworzeniu obiektu. Atrybuty klasowe vs instancji: Dziedziczenie: Dziedziczenie pozwala na tworzenie nowych klas na podstawie istniej\u0105cych. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[6,26,5],"class_list":["post-61","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kurs","category-python","tag-kurs","tag-programowanie-obiektowe","tag-python"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=61"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=61"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/python-ai.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}